Abstract
Pavement infrastructure projects require large amount of soil for
construction. Very often massive amount of the available soil is
found to be weak, highly plastic and expansive in nature, which is
unsuitable for constructions. Several studies in the past reveal
favorable results for application of problematic soils with additives
like lime, cement, fly ash, etc. Since, enormous quantity of fly ash
is available from proximity of thermal power stations; the
advantage of fly ash can be idealized to stabilize the weak soils.
This research paper reports the adequacy of fly ash as an additive
in improving the geotechnical properties of medium expansive silty
soil in conjunction with nano material. Silty sand was treated with
fly ash ranging from 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by dry weight
of soil. Each proportion was further treated with nano solution with
four different dilution ratios of (1:100), (1:225), (1:400) and (1:600)
by volume. The CBR properties were found to be highly improved
on addition of fly ash and nano material to soil. Similarly, plasticity
and hydraulic conductivity properties of the blends were observed
to be considerably decreased with the addition of fly ash and nano
material. The blends with 30% fly ash and nano solution of (1:100)
yielded excellent results. Thus, the soil modified with fly ash and
nano material in this research provides a feasible engineered
solution to improve the quality and endurance of pavement
framework practices and also offers an indubitable contribution
towards the problem of fly ash relinquishment and utility.
Keywords:
Fly ash, Nano material, Liquid limit, Plastic limit,
California Bearing Ratio, Pavements
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Abstract
Grouting is essential to enhance the integrity and ensure stability
of the foundation rock by filling of all the discontinuities with the
cementitious material. Trial grouting work is carried out to specify
all relevant parameters required for grouting operation and finalize
the most appropriate method. During trial grouting work both
methods were adequately exercised and focused to thoroughly
undertake the operations appropriately. To evaluate the effective
grouting method between conventional and GIN grouting methods
in term of time taking, grout take volume and cost effectiveness,
two panels are set for drilling and grouting in the foundation area
of Unit 17 Powerhouse. Trial grouting work analysis showed that
both methods are effective for foundation treatment. However, the
application of GIN grouting method reveals that it is more
effective in the perspective of foundation treatment, economical
and time-saving, which are of due concerns for project
management and early completion of mega projects.
Keywords:
Grouting; GIN; Conventional; grout takes volume; grout time taken
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Abstract
Soil liquefaction during earthquakes is a common phenomenon.
Liquefaction occurs when waterlogged sediments are agitated by
earthquake shaking. Liquefaction is the mixing of sandy soils and
groundwater during the shaking of a moderate or strong earthquake.
If liquefaction occurs under a building, it may start to lean, tip over,
or sink several feet. Liquefaction earthquake hazard occurs in areas
that have low groundwater level and consist of sandy soil strata.
2001 Bhuj Earthquake produced major liquefaction in Great &
Little Rann of Kutch, Banni plains, Kandla, and Gulf of Kutch; and
these areas contained low-lying salt flats, estuaries, intertidal zones,
and young alluvial deposits typically known for high susceptibility
zones of liquefaction due to earthquake. Severe damage of many
bridges, ports, buildings, embankment dams was reported in Kutch
region due to liquefaction of underneath soils. The present study
aims to conduct an extensive experimental investigation of soils
from Kutch region to access liquefaction susceptibility and
liquefaction potential of the region. Basic geotechnical
characterization of soils from the region was carried out to evaluate
its vulnerability to liquefaction. In the current research, 32 soil
samples from 10 locations, including 5 major dams, at different
depths were collected from the region to conduct a detailed
geotechnical investigation. Most soils in the region were found to
be cohesionless loose soil and classified as silty-sand. Results from
geotechnical investigation were connected to liquefaction aspects
of the region. Liquefaction vulnerability was related to grain size
parameters and indices. Variation of grain size index (IGS) with
fines content & d50 of Kutch soils exhibited high susceptibility to
liquefaction. Shear strength parameters of soils in the region
exhibited low friction angle (average 31 deg). Low shear strength
parameters combined with the large settlement during saturation &
shearing indicated the contractive behaviour of Kutch soils leading
to large pore pressure evolution during earthquake shaking
resulting to liquefaction in the region. Most soil samples from
various locations of Kutch region exhibited lower FOS values
indicating soils prone to liquefaction. Results from the current
experimental investigation showed high susceptibility of soils in
the Kutch region to liquefaction. Soil behaviour and performance
of structures during 2001 Bhuj earthquake were in agreement with
the conclusions made in the current study.
Keywords:
Liquefaction susceptibility, Grain size index, Shear
strength, Kutch region.
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61
Hussain and Sachan
evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils," Journal of
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Abstract
Iran is a developing country whereby traffic accidents are one of
the main causes of death, following the primary health-related
cause of disease [1]. Highly vulnerable individuals that are most
prone to traffic accidents are cyclists and pedestrians; they suffer
the highest rate of disability and death in Iran. Researchers usually
suggest that traffic incidents are the cause of careless and unsafe
pedestrian or driver behavior. Most common among these
behaviours are running, slow walking while crossing, crossing at
unmarked zones, using cell phones or otherwise being distracted
while crossing, crossing diagonally, crossing when the pedestrian
light indicates it would be unsafe to do so, not looking left or right
before crossing, disregarding traffic signals, and so on [2]. Apart
from these, several other factors influence pedestrians and are
evident in the behavior and attitude of the individuals. Previous
studies have successfully influenced the role of pedestrian behavior
and attitude in the traffic environment [3]. The reference to the
attitude in traffic safety literature has a particular meaning that
Jalilian defined in a specific way. Attitude is considered a
prediction factor of human behavior and plays a major role in
determining individual behavior that will cause and/or affect traffic
accidents [1].
This paper highlights the innovative way of pedestrian education
which held by the author and support of Qazvin municipality in
Iran. The results prove the significant importance of Field Training
of Pedestrian (FTP) in cities like Qazvin through the cost-benefit
method.
Keywords:
Pedestrian, Accident, Cost-benefit, Behavior, Traffic
Safety, Mid-size City
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(2011). An assessment of pedestrian networks in accessible
neighborhoods: traditional neighborhoods in Iran. Iran University
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Sadeghi, R., Hosseini, M., & Garmaroudi, G. (2016 ). Pedestrian
Road-Crossing Behaviours: A Protocol for an Explanatory Mixed
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Globalization, regional development, and mega-city expansion in
Latin America: analyzing Mexico City’s peri-urban hinterland.
Cities, 20(1), 3-21.
[8] Kashani, A. T., Shariat-Mohaymany, A., & Ranjbari, A. (2012).
Analysis of factors associated with traffic injury severity on rural
roads in Iran. Journal of injury and violence research, 4(1), 36.
69
Shabaniverki
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[10] Ney, S. (2012). Resolving messy policy problems: Handling conflict in environmental, transport, health and ageing policy: Routledge.
[11] Stanojević, P., Jovanović, D., & Lajunen, T. (2013). Influence of traffic enforcement on the attitudes and behavior of drivers. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 52, 29-38.
[12] Iversen, H., & Rundmo, T. (2004). Attitudes towards traffic safety, driving behaviour and accident involvement among the Norwegian public. Ergonomics, 47(5), 555-572.
[13] Abbaszadegan, M., & Babapoor, H. (2012). Developing a Model to Predict Pedestrian Movement in Urban Spaces by Incorporating Space Syntax and EPR: Case Study Khazaneh Neighborhood in City of Tehran-Iran. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 4(11), 21-34.
[14] Kaparias, I., Eden, N., Tsakarestos, A., Gal-Tzur, A., Gerstenberger, M., Hoadley, S., . . . Bell, M. (2012). Development and application of an evaluation framework for urban traffic management and Intelligent Transport Systems. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 48, 3102-3112.
[15] Bahadorimonfared, A., Soori, H., Mehrabi, Y., Delpisheh, A., Esmaili, A., Salehi, M., & Bakhtiyari, M. (2013). Trends of fatal road traffic injuries in Iran (2004–2011). PloS one, 8(5), e65198.
[16] Kern, K., & Alber, G. (2008). Governing climate change in cities: modes of urban climate governance in multi-level systems. Competitive Cities and Climate Change, 171.
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