Abstract
After World War II, mass automobile production brought mass
production of highways and low-density residential in far-flung
suburbs of US cities. This resulted in trip origins far from
destinations, causing traffic congestion, air pollution, and energy
consumption at a high cost. Two scenarios were modeled:
interconnected and hierarchical street networks. The former can
accommodate mixed-use effectively, and the latter cannot. The
result revealed significantly lower auto traffic, vehicle miles, and
hours of travel in the grided roadway network. Reducing traffic is
synonymous with making origins close to destinations which is
made possible by grided roadways and mixed-use.
Keywords:
interconnected roadway, grid, hierarchical roadway,
mixed-use, connectivity, walkability
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Abstract
Geotechnical projects generally consume large quantities of resources and energy and release considerable amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere, and therefore, have a significant impact on the environment. To minimize this effect, sustainable solutions and materials have been proposed and adopted in the literature and practice as alternatives to conventional methods wherever applicable. This study reviews and discusses sustainability in geotechnical engineering, in particular, three ground improvement techniques including deep soil mixing (DSM), dynamic compaction, and vibro replacement (VR) compared to the piling method. Some eco-friendly recommendations are proposed to mitigate the environmental loads of the discussed ground improvement techniques. Moreover, carbon footprints of three case study projects, each with three alternative solutions (i.e., piling, DSM, and VR), are assessed and compared in two conditions, namely, with and without eco-friendly measures (i.e., substituting new materials with recycled or recovered construction materials or with the by-products of other industries). In the studied cases, the CO2 discharge amounts of DSM and VR were found to be around half and one-tenth of that amount in piling. The CO2 emissions of all three products showed a significant decrease when adopting the eco-measures, averagely, 34, 60, and 14% for piling, DSM, and VR, respectively. Finally, the CO2 emissions of the above cases are presented in functional units.
Keywords:
Carbon Footprint, Sustainability, Ground Improvement, Piling, DSM, VR
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